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Grit (personality trait)
Grit in psychology is a positive, non-cognitive trait based on an individual's passion for a particular long-term goal or end state, coupled with a powerful motivation to achieve their respective objective. This perseverance of effort promotes the overcoming of obstacles or challenges that lie within a gritty individual’s path to accomplishment, and serves as a driving force in achievement realization. Commonly associated concepts within the field of psychology include "perseverance", "hardiness", "resilience", "ambition", "need for achievement" and "conscientiousness". These constructs can be conceptualized as individual differences related to the accomplishment of work rather than latent ability. This distinction was brought into focus in 1907 when William James challenged the field to further investigate how certain individuals are capable of accessing richer trait reservoirs enabling them to accomplish more than the average person,〔James, W. (1907, March 1). The energies of men. Science, 25, pp. 321-332.〕 but the construct dates back at least to Galton,〔 and the ideals of persistence and tenacity have been understood as a virtue at least since Aristotle. Although the last decade has seen a noticeable increase in research focused on achievement-oriented traits, there continues to be difficulty in aligning specific traits and outcomes.
==Definition of grit==
Grit is defined as “perseverance and passion for long-term goals.”〔Duckworth, A.L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M.D., & Kelly, D.R. (2007). ("Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals" ). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92 (6), p. 1087.〕 Building upon biographical collections of famous leaders in history, researchers and scientists have reached similar conclusions about high achieving individuals. Specifically, those individuals who were deemed more successful and influential than their contemporary counterparts typically possessed traits above and beyond that of normal ability.〔Galton, Francis (1892). Hereditary Genius. New York: Appleton.〕〔Cox, C.M. (1926). Genetic studies of genius: Vol. 2. The early mental traits of three hundred geniuses. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.〕〔Terman, L.M. & Oden, M.H. (1947). The gifted child grows up: Twenty-five years’ follow-up of a superior group. Oxford, England: Stanford University Press.〕 While ability was still critically important, these individuals also possessed “zeal” and “persistence of motive and effort.”〔 Duckworth and colleagues (2007) believe this dual-component of grit to be a crucial differentiator from similar constructs. Grit is conceptualized as a stable trait that does not require immediate positive feedback.〔 Individuals high in grit are able to maintain their determination and motivation over long periods despite experiences with failure and adversity. Their passion and commitment towards the long-term objective is the overriding factor that provides the stamina required to “stay the course” amid challenges and set-backs. Essentially, the grittier person is focused on winning the marathon, not the sprint.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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